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	<title>Experimentarium Digitale</title>
	<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/</link>
	<description>Les exp&#233;riences num&#233;riques interactives (ENI) de ce site sont d&#233;velopp&#233;es pour des cours, des conf&#233;rences et des MOOCs de niveaux vari&#233;s. Elles sont libres d'utilisation, mais restent la propri&#233;t&#233; intellectuelle de leurs auteurs et du CNRS. Nous alimentons r&#233;guli&#232;rement ce site avec de nouvelles ENI.Elles s'appuient sur NLKit, un portage en javascript (en cours) du noyau du logiciel scientifique xDim, ainsi que jQuery Mobile et Processing.js.NB : Pour utiliser les exp&#233;riences en ligne de ce site, pr&#233;f&#233;rez utiliser les navigateurs Chrome ou Safari.
Contacts : Jean-Ren&#233; ChazottesCentre de Physique Th&#233;orique - CNRS UMR 7644 - Ecole polytechnique - Palaiseau jeanrene [at] cpht.polytechnique.fr Marc Monticelli Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonn&#233; - CNRS UMR 7351 - Universit&#233; C&#244;te d'Azur marc.monticelli [at] unice.fr.
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		<title>Experimentarium Digitale</title>
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Quand Ada Lovelace inventa la programmation un si&#232;cle avant les premiers ordinateurs
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Quand-Ada-Lovelace-inventa-la.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2026-02-11T11:23:33Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;La visualisation interactive ci-dessous reproduit le fonctionnement de la Note G &#233;crite par Ada Lovelace constitant le tout premier programme informatique de l'histoire (plus de d&#233;tails sous la visualisation). Vous pouvez suivre, op&#233;ration par op&#233;ration, le cheminement des donn&#233;es entre le Magasin et le Moulin, observer les boucles se d&#233;rouler, et voir le r&#233;sultat B&#8328; = &#8722;1/30 &#233;merger pas &#224; pas. Espace ou &#8594; : avancer d'une &#233;tape &#8592; : reculer A : lecture automatique R : r&#233;initialiser Lien (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Algorithme-Informatique-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Algorithme/Informatique
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH84/gemini_generated_image_ucve6gucve6gucve-80b16.png?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='84' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;La visualisation interactive ci-dessous reproduit le fonctionnement de la &lt;i&gt;Note G&lt;/i&gt; &#233;crite par Ada Lovelace constitant le tout premier programme informatique de l'histoire (plus de d&#233;tails sous la visualisation). Vous pouvez suivre, op&#233;ration par op&#233;ration, le cheminement des donn&#233;es entre le &lt;i&gt;Magasin&lt;/i&gt; et le &lt;i&gt;Moulin&lt;/i&gt;, observer les boucles se d&#233;rouler, et voir le r&#233;sultat &lt;i&gt;B&#8328; = &#8722;1/30&lt;/i&gt; &#233;merger pas &#224; pas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Espace&lt;/strong&gt; ou &lt;strong&gt;&#8594;&lt;/strong&gt; : avancer d'une &#233;tape&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&#8592;&lt;/strong&gt; : reculer&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; : lecture automatique&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;R&lt;/strong&gt; : r&#233;initialiser&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations/AdaLovelaceBernoulli&#034;&gt;Lien direct vers la visualisation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations/AdaLovelaceBernoulli/&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;800&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Qui est Ada Lovelace ?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Augusta Ada King, comtesse de Lovelace (1815&#8211;1852), est la fille du po&#232;te Lord Byron et d'Annabella Milbanke. &#201;lev&#233;e dans les sciences par sa m&#232;re, Ada se passionne tr&#232;s t&#244;t pour les math&#233;matiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1833, &#224; 17 ans, elle rencontre &lt;strong&gt;Charles Babbage&lt;/strong&gt;, inventeur et math&#233;maticien, qui travaille sur un projet visionnaire : la &lt;strong&gt;Machine Analytique&lt;/strong&gt;, un calculateur m&#233;canique programmable par cartes perfor&#233;es, inspir&#233; des m&#233;tiers &#224; tisser Jacquard, un si&#232;cle avant les premiers ordinateurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ada saisit imm&#233;diatement la port&#233;e de l'invention. L&#224; o&#249; Babbage voit un calculateur, elle voit un instrument capable de manipuler &lt;strong&gt;tout ce qui peut &#234;tre exprim&#233; par des symboles&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; nombres, musique, logique. Elle &#233;crit dans la &lt;i&gt;Note A&lt;/i&gt; : &#171; &lt;i&gt;La Machine Analytique tisse des motifs alg&#233;briques tout comme le m&#233;tier Jacquard tisse des fleurs et des feuilles&lt;/i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La Note G : le premier programme&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1843, Ada traduit de l'italien un article de Luigi Menabrea d&#233;crivant la Machine Analytique. Elle y ajoute &lt;strong&gt;sept notes&lt;/strong&gt; (A &#224; G), trois fois plus longues que l'article original. La derni&#232;re, la &lt;strong&gt;Note G&lt;/strong&gt;, contient ce qui est aujourd'hui consid&#233;r&#233; comme le &lt;strong&gt;premier programme informatique&lt;/strong&gt; de l'histoire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce programme calcule les &lt;strong&gt;nombres de Bernoulli&lt;/strong&gt;, une suite de fractions qui apparaissent dans de nombreux domaines des math&#233;matiques &#8212; s&#233;ries, th&#233;orie des nombres, sommes de puissances d'entiers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ada choisit d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment un cas complexe pour d&#233;montrer la puissance de la Machine : &#171; &lt;i&gt;Nous terminerons ces Notes en suivant en d&#233;tail les &#233;tapes par lesquelles la machine pourrait calculer les Nombres de Bernoulli, ceci &#233;tant un exemple assez compliqu&#233; de ses capacit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Un algorithme complet et moderne&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le programme de la Note G n'est pas un simple calcul s&#233;quentiel. Il introduit des concepts fondamentaux de la programmation :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Boucles imbriqu&#233;es&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; des op&#233;rations qui se r&#233;p&#232;tent selon un compteur, un concept absent de toute machine de l'&#233;poque&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Variables et m&#233;moire&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; plusieurs &#171; colonnes &#187; du Magasin, num&#233;rot&#233;es V1 &#224; V24, jouant le r&#244;le de registres&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;R&#233;cursivit&#233;&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; chaque nombre de Bernoulli est calcul&#233; &#224; partir des pr&#233;c&#233;dents&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;S&#233;paration code/donn&#233;es&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; les &#171; cartes d'op&#233;ration &#187; (le programme) sont distinctes des &#171; cartes de variables &#187; (les donn&#233;es)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le programme comporte &lt;strong&gt;25 op&#233;rations&lt;/strong&gt; distinctes, qui se d&#233;roulent en 36 &#233;tapes une fois les boucles d&#233;roul&#233;es. Il utilise les quatre op&#233;rations arithm&#233;tiques et un compteur de boucle stock&#233; en V10.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La Machine Analytique : un ordinateur m&#233;canique&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La machine de Babbage, jamais construite de son vivant, comportait deux organes principaux :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Le Moulin&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;i&gt;the Mill&lt;/i&gt;) &#8212; l'unit&#233; de calcul, &#233;quivalent de notre processeur. Il re&#231;oit deux op&#233;randes, ex&#233;cute une op&#233;ration (+, &#8722;, &#215;, &#247;) et produit un r&#233;sultat.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Le Magasin&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;i&gt;the Store&lt;/i&gt;) &#8212; la m&#233;moire, constitu&#233;e de colonnes de roues dent&#233;es. Chaque colonne stocke un nombre de 50 chiffres d&#233;cimaux.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les donn&#233;es circulent entre le Magasin et le Moulin via des engrenages et des axes m&#233;caniques. Le programme, lui, est encod&#233; sur des &lt;strong&gt;cartes perfor&#233;es&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; une id&#233;e emprunt&#233;e aux m&#233;tiers Jacquard.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;La question de la convention&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un d&#233;tail qui pr&#234;te &#224; confusion : Ada utilise une &lt;strong&gt;convention de num&#233;rotation&lt;/strong&gt; diff&#233;rente de la n&#244;tre pour les nombres de Bernoulli. Elle ne retient que les valeurs non triviales (en excluant B&#8320; et B&#8321; modernes) et les num&#233;rote avec des indices impairs :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&#034;table spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr class='row_first'&gt;&lt;th id='id8823_c0'&gt;Ada (1843)&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th id='id8823_c1'&gt;Moderne&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th id='id8823_c2'&gt;Valeur&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class='row_odd odd'&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c0'&gt;B&#8321; (n=1)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c1'&gt;B&#8322;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c2'&gt;1/6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class='row_even even'&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c0'&gt;B&#8323; (n=2)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c1'&gt;B&#8324;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c2'&gt;&#8722;1/30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class='row_odd odd'&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c0'&gt;B&#8325; (n=3)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c1'&gt;B&#8326;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c2'&gt;1/42&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class='row_even even'&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c0'&gt;B&#8327; (n=4)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c1'&gt;B&#8328;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td headers='id8823_c2'&gt;&#8722;1/30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Son programme, avec n=4, calcule donc ce qu'elle appelle &#171; B&#8327; &#187;, qui correspond &#224; notre &lt;strong&gt;B&#8328; = &#8722;1/30&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Un bug historique&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le programme contient un &lt;strong&gt;bug&lt;/strong&gt; &#8212; probablement le premier de l'histoire du logiciel. &#192; l'op&#233;ration n&#186;4, Ada &#233;crit une division V5&#247;V4 alors qu'il faudrait V4&#247;V5 : les op&#233;randes sont invers&#233;s. Probablement une erreur de typographie plut&#244;t qu'une erreur logique d'Ada, car la colonne &#171; Statement of Results &#187; du m&#234;me tableau montre bien le bon r&#233;sultat (contenu de V4 divis&#233; par contenu de V5).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;h1 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Pour aller plus loin&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/h1&gt;&lt;ul class=&#034;spip&#034; role=&#034;list&#034;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_G&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Note G sur Wikipedia (en)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://twobithistory.org/2018/08/18/ada-lovelace-note-g.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#171; What Did Ada Lovelace's Program Actually Do ? &#187;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.101computing.net/ada-lovelace-and-the-first-computer-algorithm/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#201;mulateur de la Machine Analytique (101computing)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://projectlovelace.net/problems/ada-lovelaces-note-g/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Analyse d&#233;taill&#233;e de l'algorithme (Project Lovelace)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Simulation r&#233;alis&#233;e d'apr&#232;s le diagramme original publi&#233; dans &lt;i&gt;Scientific Memoirs&lt;/i&gt;, vol. III, 1843.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Mod&#232;le de Lozi (version en couleurs)
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi-couleur.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi-couleur.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-12-08T09:05:10Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
, Ren&#233; Lozi
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le mod&#232;le de Lozi est un syst&#232;me dynamique &#224; temps discret du plan dans lui-m&#234;me : &#233;tant donn&#233; un point $(x_0,y_0)$ du plan, son &#233;volution est donn&#233;e par &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; $$ \begincases x_n+1= y_n+1-a|x_n|\\ y_n+1=bx_n \endcases $$ &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
pour $n=0,1,2,\ldots$.Pour plus de d&#233;tails sur ce mod&#232;le, voir cet article. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ici, nous nous concentrons sur le cas $b=-1$ (cas conservatif). Quand on clique dans la vue, on d&#233;marre la trajectoire du point s&#233;lectionn&#233; avec une certaine couleur (tir&#233;e al&#233;atoirement). Cela (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Systemes-dynamiques-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton156-75e58.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le mod&#232;le de Lozi est un syst&#232;me dynamique &#224; temps discret du plan dans lui-m&#234;me : &#233;tant donn&#233; un point &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_0,y_0)$&lt;/span&gt; du plan, son &#233;volution est donn&#233;e par &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \begin{cases} x_{n+1}= y_n+1-a|x_n|\\ y_{n+1}=bx_n \end{cases} $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
pour &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$n=0,1,2,\ldots$&lt;/span&gt;.Pour plus de d&#233;tails sur ce mod&#232;le, &lt;a href='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi.html'&gt;voir cet article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ici, nous nous concentrons sur le cas &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$b=-1$&lt;/span&gt; (cas conservatif). Quand on clique dans la vue, on d&#233;marre la trajectoire du point s&#233;lectionn&#233; avec une certaine couleur (tir&#233;e al&#233;atoirement). Cela permet de mieux voir comment les structures se constuisent.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations/sd-ModeleLozi-Color&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;700&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Mod&#232;le de Lozi
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2023-12-08T08:40:53Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
, Ren&#233; Lozi
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;En 1977, Ren&#233; Lozi a introduit un syst&#232;me dynamique &#224; temps discret du plan dans lui-m&#234;me en rempla&#231;ant le terme quadratique du mod&#232;le de H&#233;non par une valeur absolue, ce qui donne une application affine par morceaux : &#233;tant donn&#233; un point $(x_0,y_0)$ du plan, son &#233;volution est donn&#233;e par $$ \begincases x_n+1= y_n+1-a|x_n|\ y_n+1=bx_n \endcases $$ pour $n=0,1,2,\ldots$. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le mod&#232;le de Lozi est beaucoup plus simple &#224; &#233;tudier math&#233;matiquement que celui de H&#233;non tout en ayant la m&#234;me richesse (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Systemes-dynamiques-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton155-9639c.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;En 1977, Ren&#233; Lozi a introduit un syst&#232;me dynamique &#224; temps discret du plan dans lui-m&#234;me en rempla&#231;ant le terme quadratique du &lt;a href='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/L-attracteur-de-Henon.html'&gt;mod&#232;le de H&#233;non&lt;/a&gt; par une valeur absolue, ce qui donne une application affine par morceaux : &#233;tant donn&#233; un point &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_0,y_0)$&lt;/span&gt; du plan, son &#233;volution est donn&#233;e par &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \begin{cases} x_{n+1}= y_n+1-a|x_n|\\ y_{n+1}=bx_n \end{cases} $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
pour &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$n=0,1,2,\ldots$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le mod&#232;le de Lozi est beaucoup plus simple &#224; &#233;tudier math&#233;matiquement que celui de H&#233;non tout en ayant la m&#234;me richesse de comportements.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$|b|&lt;1$&lt;/span&gt;, la dynamique est dissipative dans le sens que si on prend une r&#233;gion du plan et qu'on l'it&#232;re, sa surface devient strictement plus petite. Pour certaines valeurs des param&#232;tres, ce syst&#232;me dynamique a un attracteur &#233;trange. En fait, Michal Misiurewicz a d&#233;montr&#233; que pour l'ensemble de param&#232;tres suivant&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \Big\{ (a,b)\in \mathbb{R}^2 : b&gt;0, a\sqrt{2} &lt; b +2, 2a + b &lt; 4 \Big\}, $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;on a bien un attracteur &#233;trange.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quand $|b|=1$, la dynamique est conservative : si on prend une r&#233;gion du plan et qu'on l'it&#232;re, cette fois-ci sa surface est inchang&#233;e (mais elle se d&#233;forme). Dans l'exp&#233;rience num&#233;rique ci-dessous, on pourra constater l'extraordinaire structure du portrait de phase.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une version en couleurs dans le cas conservatif se &lt;a href='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Lozi-couleur.html'&gt;trouve l&#224;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations/sd-ModeleLozi&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;700&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Attracteur de Plykin sur la sph&#232;re
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Plykin-sur-la-sphere.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Attracteur-de-Plykin-sur-la-sphere.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-09-16T06:52:49Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;S. Kuznetsov a propos&#233; un syst&#232;me dynamique explicite donnant un attracteur de Plykin (qui est un attracteur hyperbolique). Ce syst&#232;me &#233;volue sur la sph&#232;re unit&#233;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; On part d'une condition initiale qui est un point $\boldsymbolx_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0)$ qui satisfait $x_0^2+y_0^2+z_0^2=1$. Ensuite on d&#233;finit son orbite par r&#233;currence : $$ \boldsymbolx_n+1=\boldsymbolf(\boldsymbolx_n) :=\boldsymbolf_+(\,\,\boldsymbolf_-(\boldsymbolx_n)), \, n\geq 0 $$ o&#249; $$ \boldsymbolf_\pm(\boldsymbolx)= (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Systemes-dynamiques-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton154-45ad0.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.sgtnd.narod.ru/science/hyper/Plykin/eng/plykin.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;S. Kuznetsov&lt;/a&gt; a propos&#233; un syst&#232;me dynamique explicite donnant un attracteur de Plykin (qui est un attracteur hyperbolique). Ce syst&#232;me &#233;volue sur la sph&#232;re unit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations_svg/AttracteurDePlykinSurLaSphere/
&#034; height=&#034;430&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On part d'une condition initiale qui est un point &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\boldsymbol{x}_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0)$&lt;/span&gt; qui satisfait &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0^2+y_0^2+z_0^2=1$&lt;/span&gt;. Ensuite on d&#233;finit son orbite par r&#233;currence :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \boldsymbol{x}_{n+1}=\boldsymbol{f}(\boldsymbol{x}_n) :=\boldsymbol{f}_+(\,\,\boldsymbol{f}_-(\boldsymbol{x}_n)), \, n\geq 0 $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
o&#249;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \boldsymbol{f}_{\pm}(\boldsymbol{x})= \begin{pmatrix} \pm z \\ \frac{y\, \mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varepsilon}{2}(x^2+y^2)} \cos\big(\frac{\pi}{2}(z\sqrt{2}+1)\big)\,\pm\, x\, \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\varepsilon}{2}(x^2+y^2)} \sin\big(\frac{\pi}{2}(z\sqrt{2}+1)\big)}{\sqrt{\cosh( \varepsilon(x^2+y^2) +\varepsilon(y^2-x^2)\frac{\sinh(\varepsilon(x^2+y^2))}{\varepsilon(x^2+y^2)}}} \\ \frac{y\, \mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varepsilon}{2}(x^2+y^2)} \sin\big(\frac{\pi}{2}(z\sqrt{2}+1)\big)\,\mp\, x\, \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\varepsilon}{2}(x^2+y^2)} \cos\big(\frac{\pi}{2}(z\sqrt{2}+1)\big)}{\sqrt{\cosh(\varepsilon(x^2+y^2)) +\varepsilon(y^2-x^2)\frac{\sinh(\varepsilon(x^2+y^2)}{\varepsilon(x^2+y^2)}}} \end{pmatrix}\cdot $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Noeuds toriques
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Noeuds-toriques.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Noeuds-toriques.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-09-12T08:02:50Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Maisonobe Philippe
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;En cours d'&#233;criture. Seule l'exp&#233;rience num&#233;rique interactive est actuellement disponible.&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Topologie-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Topologie
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton152-098cc.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;En cours d'&#233;criture. Seule l'exp&#233;rience num&#233;rique interactive est actuellement disponible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulations/Noeuds/&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Les suites de Barker
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Les-suites-de-Barker.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Les-suites-de-Barker.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-03-21T11:06:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Eliahou Shalom
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;La question consid&#233;r&#233;e ici concerne des suites finies de +1 et &#8722;1 satisfaisant quelques conditions &#233;l&#233;mentaires. Elle est ouverte depuis plus de 60 ans. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Ronald Hugh Barker [1915 - 2015] &#233;tait un physicien et ing&#233;nieur irlandais sp&#233;cialis&#233; dans la transmission des signaux. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En 1953, ses travaux sur des probl&#232;mes de synchronisation digitale l'ont conduit &#224; poser une question math&#233;matique d'apparence simple mais qui, plus de 70 ans apr&#232;s, r&#233;siste encore et toujours aux efforts de r&#233;solution (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/-Images-des-maths-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Images des maths
&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton153-2a1fa.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;La question consid&#233;r&#233;e ici concerne des suites finies de +1 et &#8722;1 satisfaisant quelques conditions &#233;l&#233;mentaires. Elle est ouverte depuis plus de 60 ans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ronald Hugh Barker [1915 - 2015] &#233;tait un physicien et ing&#233;nieur irlandais sp&#233;cialis&#233; dans la transmission des signaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1953, ses travaux sur des probl&#232;mes de synchronisation digitale l'ont conduit &#224; poser une question math&#233;matique d'apparence simple mais qui, plus de 70 ans apr&#232;s, r&#233;siste encore et toujours aux efforts de r&#233;solution des math&#233;maticiens.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est ainsi que sont n&#233;es les suites de Barker, des suites finies de +1 et &#8722;1 satisfaisant certaines conditions d&#233;crites plus bas. Gr&#226;ce &#224; leurs propri&#233;t&#233;s math&#233;matiques, les suites de Barker sont largement utilis&#233;es de nos jours dans les radars, en t&#233;l&#233;phonie mobile, pour le WiFi, le GPS etc. &#8230; (&lt;a href=&#034;https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Connait-on-toutes-les-suites-de-Barker.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Lire l'article complet&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour tester facilement de nombreux exemples, voici un petit calculateur interactif d'auto-corr&#233;lations de suites binaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par d&#233;faut, une suite binaire al&#233;atoire de longueur &lt;i&gt;n=10&lt;/i&gt; s'affiche. Un clic sur une case change le signe de celle-ci. Les coefficients d'auto-corr&#233;lation &lt;i&gt;c1,&#8230;,cn&#8722;1&lt;/i&gt; de la suite sont alors automatiquement actualis&#233;s. C'est int&#233;ressant d'observer le changement induit sur ces coefficients par un seul petit changement de signe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On dispose des contr&#244;les suivants. Le curseur permet de varier la longueur &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; entre 2 et 16. Un premier bouton, &lt;strong&gt;alea&lt;/strong&gt;, permet &#224; chaque clic d'afficher une nouvelle suite binaire al&#233;atoire de longueur n. On dispose aussi d'un bouton pour chacune des op&#233;rations &lt;strong&gt;rev&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;neg&lt;/strong&gt; et &lt;strong&gt;alt&lt;/strong&gt;, permettant ainsi de visualiser leur effet sur les coefficients d'auto-corr&#233;lation. Et enfin, les quatre derniers boutons permettent d'afficher certaines suites binaires sp&#233;cifiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/simulationsp5/SuiteBarker/&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class="hyperlien"&gt;Voir en ligne : &lt;a href="https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Connait-on-toutes-les-suites-de-Barker.html" class="spip_out"&gt;https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Connait...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Lorenz attractor
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Lorenz-attractor.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Lorenz-attractor.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-03-09T22:11:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>javascript
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Article Kiosque
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>WebGL
</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;To study the possibly complicated behavior of three-dimensional systems, there is no better place to begin than with the famous model proposed by Lorenz in 1963. Before this model appeared, the only types of stable attractors known in differential equations were fixed points and closed trajectories. This model illustrates in particular the sensitive dependence on intial conditions, also known by the large public as the 'butterfly effect' (an expression coined by Lorenz himself). &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The Lorenz (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton46-9340c.png?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;To study the possibly complicated behavior of three-dimensional systems, there is no better place to begin than with the famous model proposed by Lorenz in 1963. Before this model appeared, the only types of stable attractors known in differential equations were fixed points and closed trajectories. This model illustrates in particular the sensitive dependence on intial conditions, also known by the large public as the 'butterfly effect' (an expression coined by Lorenz himself).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Lorenz system is given by the equations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \begin{cases} \dot{x} = \sigma (y-x)\\ \dot{y}=\rho x-y -xz\\ \dot{z}=xy-\beta z \end{cases} $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
where &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\sigma,\rho$&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\beta$&lt;/span&gt; are positive parameters. The 'historical values' (those used by Lorenz in his paper) are &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\sigma=10$&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\beta=8/3$&lt;/span&gt; et &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\rho=28$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Explaining how Lorenz got his equations would lead us away. We content ourselves with a few words. Lorenz was interested in setting up a simple model that would explain some of the unpredictable behavior of the weather.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Physical sensible models of atmospheric convection involve partial differential equations, and are extremely complicated to analyze. Lorenz sought a much simpler system. He considered a two-dimensional fluid cell that was heated from below and cooled from above. In Fourier modes, the fluid motion can be described by a system of differential equations involving infinitely many variables. Lorenz made a tremendous simplification by keeping only three variables !&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Very roughly speaking, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x$&lt;/span&gt; represents the rate of convective 'overturning', whereas &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$y$&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$z$&lt;/span&gt; can be thought as the horizontal and vertical temperature, respectively. Notice that &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x,y,z$&lt;/span&gt; are thus not representing the position of a point in the ambient space, but instead an abstract three-dimensional phase space.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regarding the three parameters, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\sigma$&lt;/span&gt; is the Prandtl number (related to the fluid viscosity), &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; is the Rayleigh number (related to the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the cell, and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$b$&lt;/span&gt; is a scaling factor (related to the aspect ratio of the rolls).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the following digital experiment, you can move the orange bullet which represent the initial condition and then press the 'start' button. You can observe that solutions that start out very differently seem to have the same fate, if we forget the 'transient behavior'. They both eventually wind around the symmetric pair of fixed points, alternating at times which point they encircle. This forms a complicated set, the so-called Lorenz attractor, on which solutions stay for ever.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://www.generative-ebooks.com/Simulations/801-Lorenz-Construction-3D.wdgt&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The previous experiment can be misleading because it can leave the impression that if you start with two very close initial conditions, the resulting solutions travel very close to each other, before they get on the attractor but also once they are on it. The following experiment shows that this is false ! This time you can see how to initially close points evolve on the attractor.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://www.generative-ebooks.com/Simulations/810-Lorenz-SensibiliteCI-3D.wdgt/&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;650&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
You can observe that the two solutions move quite far apart during their journey around the attractor. Moreover, you can see that the trajectories are nearly identical for a certain time period, but then they differ significantly as one solution winds around one of the symmetric fixed points, while the other solution winds around the other one. No matter how close two solutions start, they always move apart in this manner when they are on the attractor. This is sensitive dependence on initial conditions, one of the main features of a chaotic system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Moreover, we observe that solutions pass from one 'lobe' of the attractor to the other in an apparently unpredictable manner, leading to an irregular oscillation that never repeats : we have an aperiodic motion. This is called deterministic chaos because the equations are deterministic but the solutions can behave in a seemingly random way. Recall that 'deterministic' means, given the present state, the future (and the past) are completely determined. Mathematically, this means that, given an initial condition &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_0,y_0,z_0)$&lt;/span&gt;, there is a unique solution &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x(t),y(t),z(t))$&lt;/span&gt; passing through &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_0,y_0,z_0)$&lt;/span&gt; at time &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$t=0$&lt;/span&gt;. But, to predict the future evolution, we need to know exactly the initial condition, which is impossible in practice. In a chaotic system, this leads to unpredictability. To illustrate this, consider a tiny blob if initial conditions around &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_0,y_0,z_0)$&lt;/span&gt;. We observe that, rapidly, this blob smears out over the entire attractor ! This means that a tiny error on the initial condition is amplified quickly in such a way that we only know that we are on the attractor, but we don't know precisely where.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;https://www.generative-ebooks.com/Simulations/812-Lorenz-SensibiliteCI-3D-FLOW.wdgt/&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; height=&#034;700&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034; onload=&#034;parent.scroll(0,0);&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class="hyperlien"&gt;Voir en ligne : &lt;a href="http://experiences.math.cnrs.fr/simulations/sd-Lorenz3D/index.html" class="spip_out"&gt;Attracteur de Lorenz en 3D&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Bifurcation diagram of the logistic map
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Bifurcation-diagram-of-the.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Bifurcation-diagram-of-the.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-02-18T09:32:39Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>javascript
</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;We presented the logistic map here and mentioned the bifurcation diagram that displays the different asymptotic behaviours of the orbits as a function of the parameter. Here you can &#8220;draw&#8221; it: Hold the mouse button down and ``scratch'' to make the diagram appearing. A double-click in the diagram produces a zoom in, which allows you to refine part of the diagram, and see its amazing structure. The attractor is shown on the vertical line as $r$ varies on the horizontal axis. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Let us briefly (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH70/arton150-7e836.jpg?1770811887' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='70' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;We presented the logistic map &lt;a href='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Logistic-map.html'&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and mentioned the bifurcation diagram that displays the different asymptotic behaviours of the orbits as a function of the parameter. Here you can &#034;draw&#034; it: Hold the mouse button down and ``scratch'' to make the diagram appearing. A double-click in the diagram produces a zoom in, which allows you to refine part of the diagram, and see its amazing structure.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The attractor is shown on the vertical line as &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; varies on the horizontal axis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;/simulations/systemesdynamiques/DiagrammeDeBifurcation/&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Let us briefly explain how to compute this diagram.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pick up values &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_1$&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_2$&lt;/span&gt;,..., &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_N$&lt;/span&gt;, with &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$N=1000$&lt;/span&gt; such that &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_{j+1}-r_j=0,005$&lt;/span&gt;. Then compute the orbit &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; of, say, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0=0.5$&lt;/span&gt; for each &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_j$&lt;/span&gt;. After &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$50$&lt;/span&gt; iterations, we consider that transient phases are eliminated, that is, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; reached &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$0$&lt;/span&gt;, or became periodic, etc. We thus have a value &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_{50}$&lt;/span&gt; for each &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r_j$&lt;/span&gt;, denoted by &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_{50}(r_j)$&lt;/span&gt;. Finally, we plot &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(r_j,x_{50}(r_j))$&lt;/span&gt; for &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$j=1,2,\ldots,N$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;HTML code to integrate this simulation into your pages:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;precode&#034;&gt;&lt;pre class='spip_code spip_code_block' dir='ltr' style='text-align:left;'&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;http://experiences.math.cnrs.fr/simulations/systemesdynamiques/DiagrammeDeBifurcation/&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Logistic map
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Logistic-map.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Logistic-map.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-02-18T08:54:58Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>javascript
</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The logistic map is $x\mapsto rx(1-x)$ where $r$ is a positive parameter. One can check that when $r\in\, ]0,4]$, if $x\in[0,1]$, then $rx(1-x)\in[0,1]$. Hence, picking $x_0\in [0,1]$, one can construct a sequence $(x_n)$ living in $[0,1]$ by recurrence: $$ x_0\in[0,1], \; x_n+1=r x_n(1-x_n),\; n\geq 0. $$ This is an example of a discrete-time dynamical system, with each time step corresponding to an iteration of the logistic map, and $(x_n)$ is the orbit of $x_0$ under this dynamics. This (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_map&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;logistic map&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x\mapsto rx(1-x)$&lt;/span&gt; where &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; is a positive parameter. One can check that when &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r\in\, ]0,4]$&lt;/span&gt;, if &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x\in[0,1]$&lt;/span&gt;, then &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$rx(1-x)\in[0,1]$&lt;/span&gt;. Hence, picking &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0\in [0,1]$&lt;/span&gt;, one can construct a sequence &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; living in &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$[0,1]$&lt;/span&gt; by recurrence:&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ x_0\in[0,1], \; x_{n+1}=r x_n(1-x_n),\; n\geq 0. $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This is an example of a discrete-time dynamical system, with each time step corresponding to an iteration of the logistic map, and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; is the orbit of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0$&lt;/span&gt; under this dynamics. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
This dynamical system was introduced in 1976 by &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/people/view/may_r.htm&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Robert May&lt;/a&gt; in an article entitled``&lt;a href=&#034;http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/May/May_contents.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics&lt;/a&gt;''. May proposed it to model the dynamics of a population, for example of insects, with a time step corresponding to one year. One has to interpret &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_n$&lt;/span&gt; as the insect density in year &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$n$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The central point to which he draws attention is that, despite the innocent appearance of this model, its behaviour is extraordinarily rich and complex when the parameter &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; varies. This is what we propose to verify with the following interactive digital experiment.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
By clicking in the view, you select &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0$&lt;/span&gt; and the corresponding orbit is computed and plotted in the view below where you can see the values of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_n$&lt;/span&gt; as a function of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$n$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
What can be observed is the appearance of &#034;chaos&#034; by a &#034;period-doubling cascade&#034;. We provide more informations below.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;/simulations/sd-Parabola&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;p&gt;Here is a very partial and rough description of what you will see.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
If &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$0&lt; r\leq 1$&lt;/span&gt;, then &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; goes to &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$0$&lt;/span&gt;. If &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; is larger than &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$1$&lt;/span&gt; but smaller than &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$3$&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; goes to &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\frac{r-1}{r}$&lt;/span&gt;, which is the (non-trivial) fixed point of the logistic map, that is, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x$&lt;/span&gt; such that &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x=rx(1-x)$&lt;/span&gt;, which thus lies at the intersection of the graph of the map and the first bisector &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$y=x$&lt;/span&gt;. (There are two trivial fixed points, namely &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$0$&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$1$&lt;/span&gt;, which always exist, whatever the value of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; is.)&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
If &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; is larger than &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$3$&lt;/span&gt; but below &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$3,57$&lt;/span&gt;, you can observe stable periodic oscillations, that is, &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$(x_n)$&lt;/span&gt; only takes a finite number of values (after a quick transient phase), and these values are powers of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$2$&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
When &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt;&#8776;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$3,57$&lt;/span&gt;, you will not longer observe oscillations of finite period. You can also observe (by clicking on the button &#034;Sensitivity to initial conditions&#034;) that a slightly different value of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0$&lt;/span&gt; results in a very different orbit, which a characteristic of deterministic chaos.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Most values of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; above the critical value &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$3,57$&lt;/span&gt; yield this chaotic behaviour. But there are some &#034;windows&#034; of periodicity, for instance for &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r=3,83$&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
As you will see, these properties do not depend on the initial condition &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$x_0$&lt;/span&gt; taken in &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$\left]0,1\right[$&lt;/span&gt; (hence we exclude the trivial fixed points &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$0$&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$1$&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
One can encode all the behaviours as a function of &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$r$&lt;/span&gt; in a &lt;a href='https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Diagramme-de-Bifurcation-de-l.html'&gt;bifurcation diagram&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;HTML code to integrate this simulation into your pages:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;precode&#034;&gt;&lt;pre class='spip_code spip_code_block' dir='ltr' style='text-align:left;'&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;http://experiences.math.cnrs.fr/simulations/sd-Parabola&#034; height=&#034;600&#034; width=&#034;100%&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>H&#233;non's attractor
</title>
		<link>https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Henon-s-attractor.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://experiences.mathemarium.fr/Henon-s-attractor.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-02-17T09:55:27Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Chazottes Jean-Ren&#233;
, Monticelli Marc
</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Syst&#232;mes dynamiques
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Michel H&#233;non
</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>javascript
</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;By playing with the parameters of the Lorenz equations and using a Poincar&#233; section, Pomeau and Ibanez demonstrated the formation mechanism of a Smale horseshoe. Pomeau presented his work at a seminar attended by Michel H&#233;non who then conceived a very simple model of quadratic transformation of the plane which simulates, when a parameter varies, the mechanism of formation of a horseshoe: it is the famous H&#233;non model. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The model is defined as follows. Given $(x_0,y_0)$ in the place, one (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;By playing with the parameters of the Lorenz equations and using a Poincar&#233; section, Pomeau and Ibanez demonstrated the formation mechanism of a &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Smale_horseshoe&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;Smale horseshoe&lt;/a&gt;. Pomeau presented his work at a seminar attended by Michel H&#233;non who then conceived a very simple model of quadratic transformation of the plane which simulates, when a parameter varies, the mechanism of formation of a horseshoe: it is the famous H&#233;non model.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The model is defined as follows. Given $(x_0,y_0)$ in the place, one computes its orbit $(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),...$ by successive iterations:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;spip spip-math&#034;&gt;$$ \begin{cases} x_{n+1} =y_n+1-ax_n^2 \\ y_{n+1} =b x_n \end{cases} $$&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
where &lt;span class=&#034;spip-math&#034;&gt;$a,b$&lt;/span&gt; are parameters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Numerical exploration of this model shows, for certain values of the parameters, the existence of a &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractor#Strange_attractor&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;&#8220;strange attractor&#8221;&lt;/a&gt; which has a fractal structure. The values in H&#233;non's paper are $a=1.4$, $b=0.3$.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The fact that this attractor really exists, and is not just a numerical belief, remained an open problem until the late 1980s. It was in 1991 that Benedicks and Carleson first showed rigorously the existence of these attractors. Their theorem is a mathematical tour-de-force but does not cover the values of the parameters $a=1.4$ et $b=0.3$.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the following interactive experiment, we run 100 initial points at the same time to generate the attractor faster. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
By clicking in the plane you can zoom in to see more details of the strange attractor, when it appears.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;/simulations/sysdyn-ModeleHenon-en/index.html&#034; height=&#034;550&#034; width=&#034;900&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;p&gt;HTML code to integrate this simulation into your pages :&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&#034;precode&#034;&gt;&lt;pre class='spip_code spip_code_block' dir='ltr' style='text-align:left;'&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;iframe style=&#034;overflow: hidden;&#034; src=&#034;/simulations/sysdyn-ModeleHenon-en/index.html&#034; height=&#034;550&#034; width=&#034;900&#034; frameborder=&#034;0&#034; scrolling=&#034;no&#034;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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